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Colon cancer

Oncology

Colon Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment


Overview

Colon cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the mucous membrane of the colon or rectum. The most common type is adenocarcinoma, but other forms include lymphomas, sarcomas, squamous cell carcinoma, and metastatic cancer. Early detection and timely treatment significantly improve patient outcomes.


Diagnosis

A comprehensive diagnostic approach includes:

  • Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) – Essential for detecting rectal tumors, with a 75% detection rate. Experts recommend annual screening for individuals over 40 years old.

  • Double-contrast Barium Enema (Irrigoscopy) – An X-ray imaging technique where barium contrast and air are introduced into the colon to detect abnormalities.

  • Colonoscopy – The gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer, allowing for tumor identification, biopsy, and polyp removal with high accuracy.

If colon cancer is confirmed, additional tests are performed to assess tumor staging and metastasis:

  • CEA Blood Test (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) – A tumor marker for monitoring disease progression.

  • CT & MRI of the Abdomen – Helps detect metastases in the liver, lymph nodes, and nearby organs.

  • Ultrasound of Abdominal Organs – Used for distinguishing benign lesions from metastatic growths.

  • Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) – Evaluates tumor depth and lymph node involvement, aiding in treatment planning.

  • PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography) – Recommended if liver or distant metastases are suspected on CT scans. Also used for postoperative monitoring and detecting recurrence or metastasis.

Treatment

The primary treatment for colon cancer is surgical resection, with the extent of surgery depending on tumor location. Key surgical principles include:

  • Wide excision of the tumor to ensure complete removal.

  • Lymph node dissection to eliminate potential metastatic spread.

  • Vascular ligation to prevent cancer dissemination.

For advanced cases, additional therapies include:

  • Adjuvant Chemotherapy – Administered after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.

  • Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy – Used before or after surgery in colon cancer to improve survival rates.

Cost of Diagnosis & Treatment:

  • 25,000,000 – 30,000,000 KRW

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