Pediatric Oncology

Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

Leukemia is a malignant disease affecting the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cells. It is classified into:

• Acute leukemia:Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML) – Develops from myeloid precursor cells.
  Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) – The most common type in children, affecting lymphoid precursor cells.
  

• Chronic leukemia: Develops more slowly but is less common in pediatric patients.

Diagnostic and Treatment Methods:

• Diagnostics:Peripheral blood analysis and smear test
  Bone marrow biopsy and examination
  Immunophenotyping of bone marrow cells
  Chromosomal and molecular genetic analysis
  Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (to assess central nervous system involvement)
  

• Treatment:Chemotherapy (induction, central nervous system prophylaxis, consolidation, and maintenance therapy)
  Stem cell transplantation
  Radiotherapy (used in some cases)
  Targeted therapy (based on specific genetic mutations)
  

Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a group of malignant tumors originating from connective tissues, including bones, muscles, fat, blood vessels, and nerves. It can develop at any age, but certain types are more common in specific age groups:

• Ewing's Sarcoma – Most frequently affects individuals aged 10–20 years.

• Chondrosarcoma – Typically occurs after the age of 30–40 years.

Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment:

• Diagnostics:X-ray examination
  Ultrasound
  MRI
  Biopsy
  

• Treatment:Surgery (removal of the tumor)
  Chemotherapy
  Radiotherapy
  

The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including tumor location, stage, presence of metastases, malignancy grade, and the patient’s age and overall condition.